
| Service | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Amazon S3 (Standard, Glacier, Intelligent-Tiering) | Core data lake storage across multiple cost-performance tiers. |
| AWS Glue | ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) – prepare datasets, build metadata catalog. |
| Amazon Athena | Serverless query engine to query S3 data directly using SQL. |
| Amazon Redshift + Spectrum | Data warehouse for complex queries; Spectrum queries data in S3 without loading. |