Recent research in lightweight cryptography algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) focuses on designing secure and energy-efficient encryption mechanisms that can operate within the severe resource constraints of sensor nodes. Studies explore novel lightweight block ciphers, stream ciphers, and hash functions that minimize computational overhead, memory usage, and energy consumption while maintaining robust resistance to common attacks. Approaches such as adaptive encryption, dynamic key management, and hardware-efficient implementations are increasingly used to enhance performance in real-time WSN environments. These techniques ensure confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of sensor data without compromising network longevity, making lightweight cryptography a key enabler for secure and scalable WSN deployments in IoT and critical infrastructure applications.